导读：姓氏能够告诉我们有关社会文化、遗传学与历史的什么信息？由北京师范大学系统科学系博士陈家伟、中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所研究员袁义达领衔的团队发现，姓氏可以作为一种遗传印记，使科学家得以追踪世系并理解现代中国的人口迁移与历史事件。该成果近日在线发表在《美国自然人类学杂志》上。
中国姓氏经历了大约4000年的演变，受儒家文化影响，通过世代传承得到很好保存，其分布也保持了很好的一致性。同时，由于汉字较少，12.8亿中国人共有7327个姓氏。其中，100个最常见的姓氏占了人口的85%，姓氏相对集中。
“相比于大部分其他国家，中国姓氏包含了更多的文化与遗传信息。”陈家伟说。
陈家伟及其团队利用同姓率方法分析了12.8亿中国国家居民身份证信息数据，在省、市、县三个层次上研究了人口结构和演化规律，以及基因漂移和人口迁移对人口结构的影响。
结果显示，最高水平的姓氏多样性主要出现在长江流域，特别是长江中下游地区，在省和县的层次上都具有较小的同姓率。这归因于中国历史上的多次大规模人口迁移，使得这一流域的人口主要由当地居民和历史迁移人口组成。
虽然涵盖了广阔的地理区域，东北三省与山东省之间的遗传距离却很小。这是由于人们熟知的历史性大迁移“闯关东”，在这一过程中，共有2000万人口迁移到人口稀少的东北三省。
研究发现，由于中国人的居住习惯相对固定，距离隔离比较严重。现代中国的总体姓氏地理分布与人口结构是基因漂移和大规模人口迁移的结果，在历史发展过程中，形成了几大中华文明区域中心。
“中国姓氏的历史传承从未停止过，经过数千年的姓氏演变，基因漂移与人口迁移之间形成了一种独特的平衡。”陈家伟说。
A study of surnames in china through isonymy
Yan Liu1, Liujun Chen1, Yida Yuan2, Jiawei Chen1,
The isonymy structure of 1.28 billion people registered in China's National Citizen Identity Information System was studied at the provincial, prefectural, and county administrative division levels. The isonymy was 0.026 for China as a whole. The average value of isonymy was 0.033 for the 30 provinces, 0.035 for the 334 prefectures, and 0.040 for the 2811 counties. The isonymy in China was much higher than in other countries. This finding may be partly explained by the low number of surnames in the Chinese language. Two regional features can be identified from the geographic distributions of isonymy. One feature is that the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had the lowest values of isonymy at both the provincial and county levels. The second feature is that most counties with the highest values of isonymy were distributed in the provinces with high proportions of ethnic minorities. According to the dendrogram of surname distances, several clusters could be identified. Most provinces in a cluster were conterminous with one another. The one exception could be explained by demic migration called “braving the journey to the northeast of China.” Isolation by distance could be detected because the correlation coefficients between Nei's distance and the geographic distances at the provincial, prefectural, and county levels were 0.64, 0.43, and 0.37, respectively. Human behaviors in Chinese history that may have caused these results have been discussed, including cultural origin, migration, residential patterns, and ethnic distribution. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
文献链接：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22055/abstract
