浙大研究使水稻散发气味吸引害虫天敌

2012-05-21 11:38 · 袁隆平

浙江大学昆虫科学研究所的娄永根教授,前不久在世界植物科学领域的权威学术期刊《新植物学家》(New Phytologist)上,发表了一篇名为《喷雾除草剂2,4-D,能使水稻变成害虫及其寄生蜂的诱集器》的论文。这项国内外首次报道的研究,给以大米为主食的中国老百姓,带来一个好消息:通过一种无毒的小分子化合物,可以刺激水稻,自己散发出吸引害虫天敌的气味,叫虫儿因此毙命。

浙江大学昆虫科学研究所的娄永根教授,前不久在世界植物科学领域的权威学术期刊《新植物学家》(New Phytologist)上,发表了一篇名为《喷雾除草剂2,4-D,能使水稻变成害虫及其寄生蜂的诱集器》的论文。这项国内外首次报道的研究,给以大米为主食的中国老百姓,带来一个好消息:通过一种无毒的小分子化合物,可以刺激水稻,自己散发出吸引害虫天敌的气味,叫虫儿因此毙命。

娄永根的这项研究,是从植物的秉性产生的灵感。娄教授说,任何植物都有自己的“体香”。像水稻,天生有股小清新味,很招虫子喜爱。水稻的这股味儿,能吸引一两百种虫子,其中最凶猛的两种叫做稻飞虱和二化螟。

稻飞虱长得灰黄,它像蚊子吸人血一样,专门吸水稻的韧皮部汁液;二化螟,则很像毛毛虫,这虫子还要坏,直接啃水稻的茎杆。

这两种虫子,别看寿命就个把月,娄教授说,它们会一边吃水稻,一边在上面繁殖“小祸害”。目前,农民对付水稻害虫的方法主要是喷农药,这在毒死虫子的同时,也留下不少弊端。

“其实,在对付害虫这件事情上,植物也不完全是坐以待毙。”娄教授发现,在被不同虫子叮咬、吸食之后,水稻的内部信号系统会被驱动,散发出另外几种“重口味”。这些味道,有的能招引害虫的天敌,有的能趋避害虫。只是水稻的这股抵抗力相对孱弱,有时候它们变出来的味儿,反而会招致更多害虫联盟的围攻,就这么活活被自己整死的,也不在少数。

所以娄教授的课题组,目标是要弄明白,什么气味是保护水稻的,什么物质能尽可能多地刺激植物散发出这种味道。

去年,娄教授和浙大化学系教授合作,筛选到了一种无毒的小分子化合物2,4-D。只要将这种化合物在水稻上一喷,水稻身体里的自我保护系统,就会热情饱满地启动,大量分泌气味,不仅能使稻飞虱屁颠屁颠地来,它的天敌——稻虱缨小蜂和黑肩绿盲蝽,也会接踵而来。

接下来就是瓮中捉鳖的好戏了:这两号天敌,都是吃稻飞虱卵的。

在论文发表前,娄教授已经做了小面积的稻田试验,结果显示,两周时间里,稻田只喷了一次喷雾,围过来的缨小蜂和绿盲蝽就比平时多一倍,稻飞虱的有效消灭率高了一倍。目前,这项研究的田间试验将在浙江、安徽等省的农田展开。娄教授说,在国外,这种用气味防害的技术,也还应用得很少,目前只在葡萄、玉米等作物上有过相关报道。

The broad-leaf herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid turns rice into a living trap for a major insect pest and a parasitic wasp

Zhaojun Xin, Zhaonan Yu, Matthias Erb, Ted C. J. Turlings, Baohui Wang, Jinfeng Qi, Shengning Liu, Yonggen Lou

•Synthetic chemical elicitors of plant defense have been touted as a powerful means for sustainable crop protection. Yet, they have never been successfully applied to control insect pests in the field.

•We developed a high-throughput chemical genetics screening system based on a herbivore-induced linalool synthase promoter fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter construct to test synthetic compounds for their potential to induce rice defenses.

•We identified 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an auxin homolog and widely used herbicide in monocotyledonous crops, as a potent elicitor of rice defenses. Low doses of 2,4-D induced a strong defensive reaction upstream of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, resulting in a marked increase in trypsin proteinase inhibitor activity and volatile production. Induced plants were more resistant to the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis, but became highly attractive to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and its main egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae. In a field experiment, 2,4-D application turned rice plants into living traps for N. lugens by attracting parasitoids.

•Our findings demonstrate the potential of auxin homologs as defensive signals and show the potential of the herbicide to turn rice into a selective catch crop for an economically important pest.

文献链接:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04057.x/abstract